B-4+To+summarize+Fascist+beliefs+and+polices+and+explain+how+Fascist+leaders+rose+to++power.

**Summarizing Fascist beliefs and policies and explaining how Fascist leaders rose to power.**



 * What was the new militant political movement that rose in Europe in response to the unstable economy and weak democracies?**

After many countries endured hardships with democracies, some people desired another type of government. In turn, a new form of government, fascism, was developed. This advanced type of control was established during the 20th century. Fascism is defined as a militant political movement that emphasizes loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. The goal of fascists were to make economies prosperous, give retribution to those who caused difficulties, and increase nationalism. These notions intrigued those who still held contempt over the results of World War I. There are undeniable similarities between this and communism. Individual rights were denied, a dictator held absolute rule, and the state held primary control. Traces of democracy were nonexistent. Among the essential differences were that while communism was a classless form of government, fascists recognized the need and purpose for different classes. Thus, they saw that inequality among people is not a deal-breaker, contrary to communism ideals. However, it is important to acknowledge that some fascist regimes practiced social Darwinism and eliminated those considered weak. Even further, communists wanted to have international influence, yet fascists mainly focused toward nationalism in their country.

Main advantage: A strong leader with specific goals has all the say in decisions and this can give a country an improved economy while getting back on its feet after war or other conflicts, making the country feel united and proud.

Main disadvantage: Dictatorship that controls most aspects of people's life. This includes mass media, the arts, religion, education, and businesses. People who go against the authority of the government can be punished by death.

Benito Mussolini coined the term fascism from the Latin word fasces. This was a highly esteemed symbol of superiority in ancient Roman times.

A fasces (below) can be related to fascism because the sticks act as individuals who come together with feelings of pride and loyalty and the axe could show the fortitude of the commanding leader and the forceful impact they create together.



**"****Fascism should more appropriately be called Corporatism because it is a merger of state and corporate power." -Benito Mussolini

"Fascism is a religion. The twentieth century will be known in history as the century of Fascism" -Benito Mussolini**


 * List and explain the characteristics of fascism that helped make it an authoritarian state in relevance to its economy, government/ politics, and the structure of society.**

Fascism, a militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to the leader, shaped every aspect of life in some countries after World War I. Germany, Italy, and Spain all turned to fascism. There are many factors of fascism that greatly affected these countries.

Fascist leaders often used a tactic called **censorship **.** With censorship, the government controlled all media. Things such as newspapers, TV stations, and radio stations were all government controlled, so the people could only hear what the government wanted them to know and think. **Propaganda** is another tactic the government used to control the thoughts and actions of the people. Hitler used censorship to present himself and the Nazi Party positively. Propaganda is one-sided information used to build support for something. During World War I, propaganda was used to build support for the war. Commercials and other companies still use propaganda today to attract interest to their product or service. Fascist leaders also used **indoctrination.** Indoctrination is when the government educates people to think a certain way. For example, a fascist leader might control the school system and educate children to think the way they want them to. Under Hitler's rule, children learned the virtues of the Nazi Party in school. The last characteristic of a fascist society was the use of **secret police**. Leaders would send undercover agents out and they would listen to people's conversations and report back to him. This ensured that everyone supported him.
 * Cultural

** "He alone, who owns the youth, gains the future. **" - Adolf Hitler - Adolf Hitler - Adolf Hitler
 * "How fortunate for governments that the people they administer don't think. **"
 * "If you tell a big enough lie and tell it frequently enough, it will be believed. **"

In a country where there is a fascist leader, the government takes control of every aspect of life, including the economy. Their goals especially encompassed modernizing and being self sufficient, for fascists were not fond of and often banned international trade because they did not want to have any outside influences with different notions about government. A substantial portion of money also went to glorifying the military. In summary, fascist economies did have private businesses and property, but their ultimate service was to satisfy and obey what the leader wished.
 * Economic**

-Leon Trosky
 * "Fascism is nothing but capitalist reaction."**

Each fascist country had strong feelings of pride for their nation. This feeling of pride is known as **nationalism**. The Germans were very proud of their military which in turn helped build support for Hitler. Also, in Germany, Hitler created prejudice feelings towards people of the Jewish culture. These feelings of prejudice is called **racism or Nazism**. Hitler had used the Jewish people as the scapegoats for Germany's problems which helped spread anti-Semitism across the country. Hitler used censorship by burning every book that did not support the Nazi ideals. Fascist countries further have **one strong party that rules the country**. In Germany's case, the Nazi Party was the one party that ruled. The leader of the Nazi Party was clearly Hitler. The leader of the one-rule party always emerges as the **supreme leader** in fascist countries.
 * Political**

** "The great strength of the totalitarian state is that it forces those who fear it to imitate it. **" - Adolf Hitler

Fascist countries are often ruled using **authoritarianism**. This is when the people give up the freedom of thought and the right to have their own ideas and opinions and put their entire trust in the government. The government is the authority, so the people must believe whatever the government tells them is true and they cannot challenge the it. In addition, in this situation the state is more important than the individual. Even though Stalin was not a fascist leader, when he had power in Russia, farmers had to give up their individual farms to produce and make a profit for the government. This demonstrates leaders were very strong and cut-throat. Italy, Germany, and Spain all had powerful leaders that caused the rise of fascism.
 * Basic Principles**


 * Social** Fascist societies were supported by aristocrats, industrialists, war veterans, and the lower middle class. They had a strong sense of nationalism and while communist countries had no social classes, fascist societies had some form of a class system. Fascism led to feelings of national pride because it made their nation a unit and feel connected.

**Provide examples of how this political unit was used in Germany, Italy, and Spain. Be sure to include their leaders and organizations.**



media type="custom" key="6117763" align="right" --- March 24, 1933 --- Democracy in Germany is ended.


 * Germany** - ** Hitler volunteered for the German army when World War I broke out and was awarded the Iron Cross twice for bravery. **** In 1919 after the war, he joined a group which was later named National Socialist German Workers' Party. The policies of this group soon became the German brand of fascism known as Nazism. The swastika was adopted as their symbol to counter the feeling of vulnerability Germans felt. The swastika came from an ancient symbol of good luck. This was then reversed and used for the Nazi party. Next, Hitler created his private armies of Storm Troopers(SA) and the Schutzstaffel(SS) ** . He attempted to overthrow the government, but was met with police force and arrested. While he was in prison he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) which he later used as a Nazi "bible". In the m** id-1920's Adolf Hitler was the recognized dictator of Germany, but it wasn't until 1933 that he gained full power over the government. **

** "Germany will either be a world power or will not be at all. ** " ** - Adolf Hitler **

media type="custom" key="6117815" align="left"

**Italy** - Mussolini came forward and boldly promised to rescue Italy in it's economy and in rebuilding its army. He promptly founded the Fascist Party in 1919. Popularity for facism increased as conditions worsened. Mussolini threatened to 'March on Rome' if he was not accepted into the cabinet. Rome could not handle the situation and ended up telling Mussolini to form a new government. IL Duce-Benito Mussolini formed Italy's fascist government. His party wore black shirts and attacked Communist and Socialist ideals. Mussolini started playing on the fear that the workers might revolt and by doing so, he won support of the middle classes, aristocracy, and the industrial leaders. He also used his own secret police to arrest his enemies and anyone else deemed dangerous.
 * "Democracy is beautiful in theory; in practice it is a fallacy." - Mussolini **

**Spain  - Spain's Fascist movement was called Falange. Although it never became all powerful, Falange was absorbed by Francisco Franco in his dictatorship. His dictatorship retained many Fascist ideals. His group was known as the Nationalists and garnered support from Fascist Italy and Germany. On the other hand, the Loyalists were supported by Britain, France, U.S., and Soviet Russia. Spain's civil war was tipped toward the Nationalists, and as Italy and Germany were able to send more support, this led to Francisco Franco's gain of power. ** "I'm still dead!" - Francisco Franco **
 * "I am responsible only to God and history." -Francisco Franco**
 * "[Communists] should be crushed like worms.” -Francisco Franco **

**What are the differences between nazism and fascism?** Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shakaba. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Illinois: Evanston, 2005. Print. Lyons, Matthew N. "What is Fascism? Some General Idealogical Features." PublicEye.org. Political Research Assosiates, 1995. Web. 4 May 2010.37

DiBella, Maria P. and Linda Fisher. "Mussolini and Italy." Cornell Institute for Digital Collections. Cornell University Library, Jan. 1999. Web. 12 May 2010. "fascism." Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Garrett W. Sheldon. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2001. Modern World History Online. Web. 11 May 2010.
 * What happened to the major fascist leader of Italy, Benito Mussolini?**

Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shakaba. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Illinois: Evanston, 2005. Print. Ledeen, Michael. "Defeating Fascism, Again: A similar enemy." NationalReview Online, National Review Online, Oct. 2003. Web. 12 May 2010.
 * Fascist leaders are very persuasive, what makes them so convincing in their speeches?**

"WHERE ARE FASCIST COUNTRIES?." You Think You Know It?. Truth-It!, 2010. Web. 12 May 2010 Boyanowski, Brett. "Fascism." Fascism. Brian A. Pavlac, May 2002. Web. 12 May 2010.
 * What other countries, besides Spain, Germany, and Italy practiced fascism?**

Trueman, Chris."Life in Fascist Italy." History Language Site. historylearningsite.co.uk, 2009. Web. 5 May 2010. Tedeschi, John, William F. "Jack" Fry, John Tortorice, Stanley J. Pane. "Italian Life Under Fascism." Department of Special Collections. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, 1998. Web. 7 May 2010. .
 * What were women's role in a fascist government? - Shelby**

"fascism." Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Garrett W. Sheldon. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2001. Modern World History Online. Web. 11 May 2010. "political philosophy of Giovanni Gentile." Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Garrett W. Sheldon. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2001.Modern World History Online. Web. 11 May 2010.
 * Who was Giovanni Gentile, and what did he contribute to fascism? - Shelby**

Trueman, Chris."Life in Fascist Italy." History Language Site. historylearningsite.co.uk, 2009. Web. 5 May 2010. Tedeschi, John, William F. "Jack" Fry, John Tortorice, Stanley J. Pane. "Italian Life Under Fascism." Department of Special Collections. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, 1998. Web. 7 May 2010.
 * Under a fascist government, what happened to the children? - Shelby**

"fascism." Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Garrett W. Sheldon. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2001. Modern World History Online. Web. 11 May 2010. Kreis, Steven. "Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism." The History Guide. Steven Kreis, May. 2004. Web. 12 May 2010.
 * How was religion incorporated into fascism? - Shelby**

Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shakaba. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Illinois: Evanston, 2005. Print. Wistrich, Robert S. Who's Who In Nazi Germany. New York:Routledge, 2002. Print.
 * Who helped the fascist leaders to gain power?-Garrett**

Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shakaba. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Illinois: Evanston, 2005. Print. "fascism." Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Garrett W. Sheldon. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2001. Modern World History Online. Web. 11 May 2010.
 * Why did the common folk help the fascist leader gain power?-Garrett**

Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shakaba. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Illinois: Evanston, 2005. Print. Hornberger, Jacob. "How Hitler Became a Dictator." Freedom Daily. The Future of Freedom Foundation, June 2004. 11 May 2010.
 * Why did the fascist leaders want to become leader in the first place?-Garrett**

Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shakaba. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Illinois: Evanston, 2005. Print. Kreis, Steven. "The Age of Totalitarianism: Stalin and Hitler." The History Guide. Steven Kreis, Aug. 2009. Web. 12 May 2010.
 * How did fascist leaders maintain their power? -Garrett**

"Authoritarianism." britannica.com. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 2010. 6 May 2010. "Getting to know Benito Mussolini." benito-mussolini-facts.info. InfiniteSeo Group, Web. 6 May 2010.
 * How did the outside world perceive fascism? -Xu**

"Fascist Women Speak." Women, Power, and Politics. International Museum of Women, 2010. Web. May 13 2010. Chung, Tk. "Fascist Italy." thecorner.org. The Corner, 2007. Web. 4 May 2010.
 * Were there any notable fascist leaders that did more good than harm for their country or the world? -Xu**

**Did fascist leaders also have a sort of secret police**? **-Xu "Getting to know Benito Mussolini." //benito-mussolini-facts.info // . InfiniteSeo Group, Web. 6 May 2010. Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shakaba. // Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction //. Illinois: Evanston, 2005. Print. **

Chung, Tk. "Fascist Italy." // thecorner.org //. The Corner, 2007. Web. 4 May 2010. Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shakaba. // Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction //. Illinois: Evanston, 2005. Print. **
 * What was the general consensus in a fascist government on religion?** **-Xu

"What is Fascism, 1932." Modern History Sourcebook. Paul Halsall, Aug. 1997. Web. 13 May 2010. Pleuger, Gilbert. "Totalitarism." New Perspective. N.D: 9. Sempringham eLearning Resoures. Web. 13 May 2010.
 * What is the difference between fascism and totalitarianism? - Casey**

"fascism." Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Garrett W. Sheldon. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2001. Modern World History Online. Web. 11 May 2010. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington D.C., n.d., Web. 6 May 2010.
 * How many people did Hitler kill and how did he kill them? - Casey**

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington D.C., n.d., Web. 6 May 2010. Trueman, Chris."Children and World War II." History Language Site. historylearningsite.co.uk, 2009. Web. 5 May 2010
 * What was the education like for children during this time? - Casey**

"Getting to know Benito Mussolini." benito-mussolini-facts.info. InfiniteSeo Group, Web. 6 May 2010. "Francisco Franco." Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational, n.d., Web. 7 May 2010.
 * What happened the secret police found a person who secretly did not support the leader? - Casey**


 * Works Cited**


 * Addington, Larry H. //The Patterns of War.// Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984. Print.

"Authoritarianism." //britannica.com//. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 2010. 6 May 2010.

Axelrod, Alan. "fascism." //Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume I.// New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Modern World History Online. Web. 5 May 2010.

Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shakaba. //Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction//. Illinois: Evanston, 2005. Print.

Chung, Tk. "Fascist Italy." //thecorner.org//. The Corner, 2007. Web. 4 May 2010.

Lyons, Matthew N. "What is Fascism? Some General Idealogical Features." //PublicEye.org//. Political Research Assosiates, 1995. Web. 4 May 2010.

Richman, Sheldon. "Fascism." //econlib.org.// Library of Economics and Liberty, 2008. Web. 3 May 2010.

Rosenburg, Jennifer. "History of the Swastika." //history1900s.about.com.// About.com, 2010. Web. 8 May 2010.

Wistrich, Robert S. //Who's Who In Nazi Germany.// New York:Routledge, 2002. Print.

"Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party in Germany." //Encyclomedia//. Encyclomedia.com, 2007. Web. May 13 2010.

"Fascism and Militarism On the March Throughout Europe." //Encyclomedia//. Encyclomedia.com, 2007. Web. May 13 2010.**

Created by: Hoppes, Hudock, Russell, Turley, Xu**