C-6+To+describe+Fascist+aggression+in+Asia,+Africa,+and+Europe+and+how+the+rest+of+the+world+reacted.

=6. To describe Fascist aggression in Asia, Africa, and Europe and how the rest of the world reacted. =
 * Lindsay Agnew, Meredith Bickett, Maria Foglietti, Britt Richey, and Sarah Stein **

__Other Countries Fall__ ** __and the World is Divided__ [[image:2WWmap1.jpg width="440" height="280" align="right" caption="Map of Eastern Europe in 1930s"]] **
While fascists took power in Italy and Germany, most of Eastern European governments will fall to a dictatorship after World War I. The first postwar European dictator was Admiral Miklos Horthy of Hungary. Military forces and wealthy landowners joined after a brief Communist regime to make him the dictator. Next, Marshal Jozef Pilsudski seized power in Poland. In Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria,and Romania, kings turned to a strong-man rule. They stopped constitutions and silenced their enemies.
 * ===Most of Eastern European governments will fall to===

These countries were very weak and did not have strong central governments. This made it easy for the dictator to take over and control every aspect of the country. Sometimes a dictatorship can be good and other times it can be bad. In a dictatorship, only one person controls everything and the people of the country have no say in political or economical decisions. In the long run, dictatorships never last because the people don't agree with the fact that they don't have a say in anything so they overthrow the current dictator. The major powers of the world were divided into two aggressive camps, democratic and totalitarian. Fascist dictatorships showed they were able to use military aggression to gain their ends. Although these dictatorships limited civil rights, none of them compared to the harsh and evil policies of the Nazis or the Russian Communists. The major powers learned from the failures of the Nazis and Russian Communists to build new governments they hope would be more successful.
 * ===The last democratic government in Eastern Europe was in which country?===
 * Czechoslovakia was the last democratic government in Eastern Europe. Only experienced democratic nations in Europe, such as Britain, France, and Scandinavian countries, democracy survived. With no democratic experience and severe economic problems, other countries thought dictatorship was the only solution to prevent instability. Czechoslovakia had been democratic for a while and they had a strong government so they were able to withstand the forces of dictatorship. **
 * ===The major powers are either ran by a government or a state.===



__Japan Seeks an Empire__
=== As fascism spread in Europe, the powerful nation in Asia (Japan) moved towards militarism. As long as the economy kept building, the civilian government kept power. But when the Great Depression swept over Japan, most of the Japanese blamed the government. Military leaders gained support, followed by complete control of the country. Militarism was very different from the fascist governments that Hitler and Mussolini were trying to achieve. The goal was not to establish a new government, but to keep traditional control of the government and military. Instead of an aggressive and forceful leader like Hitler or Mussolini, the militarists made the emperor the main symbol of state power. ===
 * ===What type of leaders takes control of Japan?===

Emperor Hirohito as head of state won popularity and support for the army leaders. HIs reign was called the Showa Era. But the Showa era resulted in suffering. Depression spread, there was a decline in exports and bankruptcies came frequently. Japan's militarist (strong nationalist) wanted to solve these econimic problems. They did this by foreign expansion. Also they hoped for a Pacific empire which included conquering China.
 * ===Japanese leaders had hoped to solve certain problems through foreign expansion. What problems were they hoping to solve?===

__Japanese Invasions__
Japan had very few natural resources. The factories depended on iron and other minerals from foregin countries. They had no oil or petroleum, which was important for maintaining a modern country. The logical place to get these resources was the mainland of Asia. On the mainland of Asia was Manchuria, a North East Province in China, and it was rich in iron and coal. In 1931, Japan's army seized Manchuria even though Japan's government/parliament objected. The Japanese had invested large sums of money into the economy of Manchuria, which was effectively controlled by the South Manchuria Railway Company. Japan set up a "puppet state" or "Manchukuo" in Manchuria and Japanese engineers and technicians began arriving in large numbers to build mines and factories. Japan used Manchuria for their natural resources and raw materials that would further advance economic goals for Japan.
 * ===Japan has investments in which Chinese province? What does Japan do to this province in 1931?===

In the early 1930s, members of the League included all main democracies excluding the United States. However, the League also included three countries that were a threat to peace. These countries were Germany, Japan and Italy. Once the Japan seized Manchuria, the League of Nations forcefully protested. Japan ignored it though and they withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933. []
 * ===What is the response from the League of Nations? How does the affect Japan's affiliation with the League?===

Because of a border incident Japan launched a war against the Empire of China. The Chinese army had one million soilders. They were led by Jiang Jieshi; however, the Japanese were better trained and more equiped. Beijing and other northern cities fell to the Japanese. Nanjing, the capitol fell to Japan in 1937 as well. Japanese soilders killed tens of thousands of the captured soilders in Nanjing and millions of other Chinese people as well. The Chinese retreated westward and Jiang Jieshi established a new capitol at Chongquing.
 * ===In 1937, Japan launches a war against ...===

__European Aggressors on the March__ media type="custom" key="6128723" align="right"[[image:mwli025t.jpg align="right"]]
In the 1930's Italy was in control of Eritrea and Somalia, two countries in Africa, but they could not gain control of Ethiopia. By 1935's Benito Mussolini came to power and wanted to occupy Italy. Mussolini sent the Italian army with General Pietro Badoglio into Ethiopia. The reason Italian Mussolini sent troops into Ethiopia was because he wanted to build a colonial empire in Africa like those of Britain and France. The Mussolini led a massive invasion on Ethiopia in October 1935. Ethiopia was one of Africa's third independent nation, although the Ethiopians were no match for the Mussolini. The Italians had airplanes, tanks, guns, and used poison gas. In the end, the Italians won and annexed Ethiopia. Once the Italians (led by Mussolini) invaded, Ethiopia looked for help from the League of Nations. The League helped prepare Ethiopia for the attack, but the League only imposed basic sanctions on Italy to stop their aggression. Britain let Mussolini's troops and their supplies go through the Suez Canal on their way to Ethiopia. France and Britain hoped to keep peace in Europe, so they surrendered to Mussolini's troops in Africa. The League of Nations imposed sanctions to try to condemn Italy's aggression. The League tried to ban countries from selling arms, rubber, and some metals. France and Britain did not like this idea because they were worried that the Italians would form an alliance with Hitler and the Germans. Because of the 400,000 Italians, France and Britain forced the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie to flee to Britain. Here they captured Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's capital. This attack inspired Hitler, who then signed a non-military treaty with Italy in 1936.
 * ===In 1935, Mussolini attacks which Africa nation?===
 * ===What was the League of Nations response to this attack?===

__Hitler Defies the Versailles Treaty__
In 1935, Hitler began rebuilding The Treaty of Versailles. Hitler did not accept the regulations of the treaty and wanted to undo it. In 1935, Fuhrer (the name which Hitler gave himself) said that Germany was not going to follow the restrictions of the treaty. The League of Nations issued only a mild punishment. The League's failure to stop Germany from gaining weapons again, made Hitler take even bigger risks. The Treaty of Versailles clearly stated:  People in Britain and France were angry with the new Treaty because they thought Germany should have been treated more unfairly. They thought that the German Kaiser should have been put on trial, instead nothing happened. The Germans were humiliated with the War Guilt Clause, which blamed the war on them. So when Germany needed someone to bring them together and unite them again, Adolf Hitler stepped in. Hitler's next move was to occupy Rhineland. This zone formed a buffer between Germany and France. The treaty had made it so that German troops could not go within 30-miles of the Rhine River. On March 7, 1936, the German troops moved into Rhineland, going against the Versailles Treaty. 32,000 German soldiers and armed policemen marched into Rhineland. If they saw the slightest hint of the French army coming for them, they were to retreat quickly. "If France had then marched into Rhineland, we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs." ~Hitler. The French and British never came. Britain and France said that Germany was only going into there "backyard" and there was no need to go after them. After Hitler noticed that could get away with disobeying the Versailles Treaty, he realized he could get around more of the regulations of the treaty. 1. Some British people approved of Hitler's policies. 2. The British people hoped that a strong Germany would stop the growth of Communist Russia. 3. Many people felt that events in Europe were not Britain's business. 4. Many British people wanted peace. 5. Many British people agreed with Hitler that the Treaty of Versailles was unfair. ** During World War II, belligerents fought in one of two major alliances, the Axis and the Allies. The three main countries in the Axis Alliance were Germany, Italy, and Japan. This alliance originated with a series of agreements between Germany and Italy. Japan joined the Axis powers with the signing of the Tripartite Pact on September 27, 1940. They each recognized German leadership over most of continental Europe, Japan leadership over East Asia and the Pacific, and Italian leadership over the Mediterranean Sea. The Axis Powers never coordinated foreign or military policy as the Allies did but they did share a few common interests. The countries developed a interest in territorial expansion and foundation of empires based on military conquest and the overthrow of the post-World War I international order and the destruction or neutralization of Soviet Communism. On May 22, 1939 Germany and Italy signed the Pact of Steel. This agreement formalized the Axis alliance with military provisions. Smaller countries such as, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Thailand, and Yugoslavia joined the Axis Alliance under pressure. The Allied Powers defeated the Axis Powers in World War II, when all countries surrendered with Italy being the first and Japan being the last to finally surrender to the Allies on September 2, 1945.
 * ===In 1935, what does Hitler begin rebuilding?===
 * 1) Germany had to take all the responsibility for the war.[[image:VersaillesTreaty231.jpg width="224" height="329" align="right" caption="The Treaty of Versailles"]]
 * 2) Germany had to pay for all the damage caused by the war.
 * 3) Germany's army was downsized to 100,000 men.
 * 4) Germany could have no airforce or submarines, only could have 6 large ships.
 * 5) Germany lost territory on all sides, and split.
 * 6) Germany lost all there colonies.
 * **In 1936, Hitler's next move was to occupy which region?**
 * ===Great Britain urges appeasement. Define this policy.===
 * Appeasement means to yield or concede to the belligerent demands in a conciliatory effort, sometimes at the expense of justice or other principles. The foreign policy of appeasement is the British act of creating peace with Germany and Italy in hopes of reaching a peaceful understanding between the two countries. This meant remaining on neutral terms and making compromises with Hitler and Mussolini. Great Britain used this policy in order to avoid war with the dictatorships of Germany and Italy because of the outcome of World War I. World War I had a huge negative impact on the world including Great Britain, they issued this foreign policy in order to[[image:Neville_Chamberlain.jpg width="240" height="302" align="right"]] avoid something like this recurring. Neville Chamberlain, Britain's prime minister at the time, quickly became associated with this policy. Chamberlain's appeasement policy had been judged negatively but at this time there were many other leaders who supported it. There were five main reasons for Great Britain to urge appeasement, they are as follows ..
 * **Which three nations make up the Axis Powers?**

Isolationism is the policy in which America objected to become involved in international relations, such as conferences and treaties between other nations. The United States of America issued this policy in the 1920's and 1930's after the end of World War I. Isolationism comes from two different policies, it combines the policy of non-interventionism and protectionism. Non-interventionism is abstention by a nation from interference in the affairs of other nations or in those of its own political subdivisions. Protectionism are actions taken by a government to prevent imports from destroying domestic producers. Americans simply wanted to enjoy prosperity that they had earned in the past decade and thought that communications with other nations would not allow them to do this. This however did not mean that the US was disengaged from the world stage although they did separate themselves from trade. The US put tariffs on any foreign goods to protect the industry. With the Atlantic Ocean to the right and the Pacific ocean to the left it makes it fairly easy for America to isolate itself from world affairs or conflict. Many people believe that Isolationism is the answer to America's problems today. There were several factors that led to isolationism in the 1930's. President Woodrow Wilson's internationalism, liberal opposition to war, and the hardships of the Great Depression were among these reasons.
 * **Define Isolationism. Which democratic nation chose to follow this policy?**

As a result of America's isolationism, the US passed three Neutrality Acts beginning in 1935. These laws banned loans, the sale of arms to nations at war, the shipment of war material to belligerents, and banned US citizens from traveling on belligerent vessels except for at their own risk. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the first of several Neutrality Acts on August 31st of 1935. These acts were another factor in trying to keep the United States out of another war similar to World War I but were not very successful. The United States believed that if American ships carried weapons to a nation at war then America would then be a target for that nation's enemies. Therefore, the US would then end up being dragged into yet another world war. Once the war was actually declared the US was able to help the British through a Lend Lease Program. The Lend Lease Act was issued in 1941 and diminished these laws and the acts were repealed on November 13, 1941. Just after the acts were repealed Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and America was soon involved in the second world war.
 * **In 1935, the U.S. Congress passed the Neutrality Acts. What did these acts do?**

In November of 1937, Adolf Hitler announced to his advisers his plans to expand Austria and Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich. The first German Empire was called the Das heilige römische Reich deutscher Nation. Next it became the Das Dritte Reich. The Treaty of Versailles prohibited Anschluss,which is a union between Austria and Germany. But, many Austrian people supported unity with Germany. In March of 1938, Hitler sent his army into Austria and annexed it. France and Britain ignored their pledge to protect Austrian independence. After Hitler annexed Austria, he moved onto Czechoslovakia. Three million German-speaking people lived in the Czechoslovakian western border region called Sudetenland. This area formed the Czechoslovakian’s main defense against Germany. In September 1938, Adolf Hitler commanded that Sudetenland would be given to Germany. The Czechoslovakians refused to turn themselves over to Germany, and asked France to help them. Hitler wanted Sudetenland because it contained 3.5 million German speaking people in it that were cut off from Germany after the Treaty of Versailles. He felt as though he had a claim of this land because he saw it as German land. Also Sudetenland was originally a part of Germany until after World War l where it then became part of Czechoslovakia.
 * ===Give another name for Hitler's German Empire.===
 * ===In 1938, Hitler annexes _.===
 * ===Which piece of territory does Hitler demand from Czechoslovakia?===

http://www.history.com/audio/adolf-hitler-on-the-sudetenland-crisis#adolf-hitler-on-the-sudetenland-crisis media type="custom" key="6128627" Czechoslovakia refused to turn over Sudetenland to Germany. They then asked France for help, where France and Britain began preparing for war. Mussolini then suggested a meeting called the Munich Conference. This meeting was between Germany, France, Britain, and Italy in Munich, Germany on September 29, 1938. During this meeting the British prime minister proposed that he could have peace by giving into Hitler’s demand. Britain and France approved to give Sudetenland to Hitler and in exchange Hitler respected Czechoslovakia’s new borders.
 * ===What is Czechoslovakia's response to this demand? Which nation do they ask for help?===

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