R-36+To+describe+Terrorism,+Terrorist+Groups,+and+discuss+the+Challenges+of+a+Globalized+society

__Terrorism__
Terrorism is the use of force or threats to frighten people or governments to change their policies. Jihad looked to prevent a peace settlement between Israel and the Palestinians. They want the Palestinians to have their own homeland, and most extreme among them denying Israel’s right to exist.
 * What is terrorism?**
 * What is the concept behind Jihad?**

-**Explain the philosophy of Al- Qaeda?** The 3 main goals as found in an Al-Qaeda household in Afghanistan are as follows 1.establishing the rule of god on earth 2.Attaining martyrdom in the cause of god
 * Al-Qaeda**

3.Purification of the ranks of Islam from the elements of depravity
Create Islamic extremist groups and kill off regimes it deems “non-islamic.” Also to force all westerners and non-muslims out of muslim countries.

Established in 1988 by Osama Bin Laden. Original goal was to take down the dominant soviet Union. Osama Bin Laden is the leader of the Al-Qaeda terrorist group. He is a global threat to all “non-muslim” societies. A very dangerous leader with sources around the world. He has trained all al-qaeda members in the mindset that it is expected of them to die for the cause of al-qaeda which is destroying all “non-muslim” people. It is unknown of his status today as to whether or not he is alive but, alive or not his ideals will continue to torture all “non-muslim” societies. Al-Qaeda and the Taliban used to be closely related. Until the mid 90's they worked practically in unison. Until al-Qaeda repeatedly made nasty comments about them. Al-Qaeda also wanted to continue their terrorist attacks abroad but the Taliban was against leaving the country. After the 9/11 attacks by Al-Qaeda that the Taliban did not sponsor what so ever. After this the Taliban and Al-qaeda have not worked together but are both still radical terrorist groups promoting the spread of Islam. ** -**What attacks on the United States has the group claimed responsibility for?** The main and most well-known attack on the U.S. from al-Qaeda is the 9/11 wolrd trade center attacks. This single attack left nearly 3,000 U.S. citizens dead along with 19 hijackers. There have been hundreds of other attacks on the U.S. by the al-Qaeda terrorist group but none as catastrophic as the 9/11 world trade center attack. Several other attacks include: 1. 1198, bombing of U.S. embassies in Kenya, Nairobi, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, killing 301 people and leaving 5,000 others wounded. 2. 2000, attack on the USS Cole in the port of Aden that killed 17 U.S. Navy members. file:///Users/djhs_student/Desktop/binladen.gif =HezBollah= The philosophy of the Hezbollah is based on the ideology of the late Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini’s principal of the “wilayat al-faqih”. This was a theological basis for clerical rule enshrined in Iran’s 1979 consitution. It redefines who can be a political leader in the Islamic society. The followers regard Khomeini as their ultimate leader. This leadership remains very close ties to Iran. -Where are they primarily located?** The Hezbollah is located in the Bekka Valley, the southern suburbs of Beirut, and southern Lebanon. Also they have cells in Europe, Africa, South and North America. -When and why did they come into existence? Four years after Israel invaded and occupied southern Lebanon in 1978. -What is their stance on Israel? These two countries have been in a feud for a while they are sending threats and such to each other. They don’t have a common thought and they which is why they constantly attack each other. -What conflicts have they been involved with Israel? They have had nearly two hundred attacks on Israel. Some of these attacks include July 12, 2006 when the Hezbollah sent a barrage of rockets into Northern Israel at the same time they entered Israeli terrority and kidnapped two soldiers and killing three others. The Hezbollah had been supplied by Iran and Syria with reportly as many as 10,000- 12,000 missles and rockets. They struck at bridges, roads, and installments. =Hamas =
 * -When and why did they come into existence?**
 * -Who is Osama Bin Laden?**
 * -Explain what is/was their relationship with the Taliban.
 * -Explain the philosophy of Hezbollah.

**Explain the philosophy of Hamas. ** Hamas—an acronym of Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyaa in Arabic, literally "Islamic Resistance Movement"—was both a part of a regionwide radical Islamic movement that developed in 1980s and an expression of the Palestinian struggle against Israeli domination and occupation.

Its political program and ideology were drafted in lofty Arabic rhetoric and religious symbolism. Hamas believed that "the land of Palestine is an Islamic Waqf (waqf: a religious portion of land secured for Muslims as part of Islamic Law) consecrated for future Moslem generations until Judgement Day."

Hamas regarded nationalism (wataniya) as an implication of religious faith and struggle against the enemy as a religious duty.
 Hamas declared itself to be a "humanistic movement, which cares for human rights and is guided by Islamic tolerance when dealing with the followers of other religions." According to its charter, "Under the wing of Islam it is possible for the followers of the three religions—Islam, Christianity and Judaism—to co-exist in peace and quiet."

 **When and why did they come into existence? ** In December 1987, a collective Palestinian popular uprising erupted against Israel in the West Bank and Gaza areas. This period of violence is known as the Intifada, or "shaking off." At first a spontaneous outburst instigated by false rumors and incitement by Muslim clerics, the Intifada quickly developed into a well-organized rebellion. Hamas was established shortly after the outbreak of the first Intifada in 1987

 **What is their stance on Israel? ** The Hamas believe that all the land between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River is to be reclaimed for the Palestinians’. This area includes both all of Israel and Jerusalem.

 **What conflicts have they been involved with in Israel? ** The Hamas underground militant operations included a number of suicide bombings that killed a few hundred Israeli soldiers and civilians, especially in February and March 1996, and after the outbreak of the al-Aqsa Intifada in September 2000.

 **Are they a terrorist group? Explain. ** Hamas endorses the practice of martyrdom in which recruits (some as young as 13 years) are encouraged to sacrifice themselves in the effort to destroy the enemies of Islam. Successful martyrs are told to expect to enter Paradise immediately. Several Hamas members became suicide bombers during the middle 1990s by blowing themselves up in crowded Israeli buses. In 2001 a new and even more lethal series of Hamas suicide bombers helped to at least temporarily blunt the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

And text book
 * Sources: ** History textbook []

This organization is the oldest, largest, most capable, and best-equipped insurgency in Colombia, which has been troubled by a surfeit of such groups. FARC has been an anti-American organization since its formation and has attacked a variety of U.S. citizens and interests. Its tactics have included terrorist bombings, murders, kidnappings, extortion, hijackings of civilians, and also armed insurgent attacks against Colombian political, military, and economic targets. FARC began a new, nonviolent operation. It entered into peace negotiations with the Colombian government. The Revolutionary Armed forces of Colombia (FARC) is a left wing guerrilla group that has links with these drug traffickers. The FARC has attacked Colombian political, military, and economic targets, as well as those with American ties. It began in 1964 as the military wing of the Communist Party and drew most of its support from landless and impoverished peasants. In the intervening years it has grown into a formidable military—and political—force.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Explain the philosophy of FARC. **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When and why did they come into existence? **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

FARC also sustains itself on profits from illegal drugs and now control much of the production, distribution, and taxation of the lucrative cocaine trade. Terrorism linked to drug trafficking is a major problem in Latin America particularly in Colombia. The powerful groups that control that countrys narcotics have frequently turned to violence. The FARC is a left wing guerilla group that has links with these drug traffickers. The FARC has attacked Colombia political, military, and economic targets, as well as those American ties.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Do they have ties to the drug trade? Explain. **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Source: **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> book

In order to understand the link between narcotics and terrorism as it emerged in Colombia, it is essential to understand three critical elements: insurgent groups such as the FARC. The drug cartels, with their "drug lords" who often used drug money; and the victims of the cartel violence, who often became guilty of terrorism as well, such as "Los Pepes." The FARC, the ELN, and other leftist paramilitary groups generated much of their funding and support by protecting narcotics trafficking. Estimates of the profits to groups from their involvement in narcotics ranged into the hundreds of millions of dollars. The United States includes both groups on its list of foreign terrorist organizations.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Are they a terrorist group? E xplain. **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sources: **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/default.asp?ItemID=WE53&NewItemID=True **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The IRA was an unofficial semimilitary organization based in the Republic of Ireland that sought complete Irish independence from the United Kingdom. It strove, along with numerous successor organizations, for the unification of the Republic of Ireland with Northern Ireland, which had remained a part of the United Kingdom by choice when Ireland became an independent state. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The IRA was itself a successor organization, growing out of the Irish Volunteers, a militant nationalist organization that was started in 1913. While the Irish Volunteers sought at the political level to achieve an independent republic of Ireland, the IRA's purpose was to make British rule in Ireland untenable by using an armed force. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The IRA is looking for Irish independence from the British Empire and the unification of Northern Island and the Republic of Ireland. Unfortunately by engaging in a form of guerrilla warfare, the IRA used tactics such as ambushes, raids, and sabotage to force the British to negotiate a political settlement. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A split in the IRA occurred after a Sinn Féin conference held in Dublin in 1969 between the "official" and the "provisional" wings of the organization. The former sought a union of all Irish and Northern Ireland Catholics and Protestants in an Irish republic. The latter, called the Provos, were committed to the use of terror tactics to force British withdrawal of troops from Northern Ireland so that Northern Ireland could be united with the rest of Ireland. The Provos's activities resulted in the deaths of many Ulster (Northern Ireland) Protestant civilians and British troops. One of the most publicized attacks was the assassination of Lord Mountbatten in 1979. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is the current situation with the group(s) and the British Government? **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Continuity IRA (CIRA) is a radical splinter group, formed in 1994 as the clandestine armed wing of the Republican Sinn Féin (RSF), a political organization dedicated to the reunification of Ireland. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Unlike the Provisional IRA (PIRA), the CIRA has not observed the cease-fire, continuing its bombing campaign in 2003 with a series of low-level improvised explosive device attacks. In June 2003, one senior CIRA member was arrested, and two powerful Real IRA (RIRA) bombs were seized in a raid. More than 10 CIRA members have been convicted of criminal charges, and others are awaiting trial. Active recruiting efforts continue, in response to effective police countermeasures, which have reduced the group's strength. There is no established presence or capability of the CIRA to launch attacks on the United Kingdom mainland.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">__IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY__ **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Explain the philosophy behind the IRA. **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When and why did they come into existence? **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What has been the conflict between the IRA and the British Government? **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is the Provisional IRA? **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> =Taliban=

-**What country did the Taliban have control over before 2001?**

The tailban’s had control over Afghanistan before 2001

 * -What terrorist group did they give safe haven to that eventually resulted in a U.S. invasion of Afghanistan?**

They gave safe haven to Muslim.
They are currently located in Afghanistan and in Pakistan. The current situation for them is the war with the U.S. and they currently have about 55% of the Afghan population is under the age of 19. Millions will enter the labor force over the next ** 5-10 years, adding to an unemployment burden that is alreading hovering around 40%.
 * -What is the current situation of this group? What countries are they primarily in?**

** **__ Citations __** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Combs, Cindy C. and Martin Slann. "Bin Laden, Osama." Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? ItemID=WE53&iPin=TER0049&SingleRecord=True (accessed May 5, 2010). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Combs, Cindy C. and Martin Slann. "Hamas." Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Combs, Cindy C. and Martin Slann. "Irish Republican Army (IRA)." Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? ItemID=WE53&iPin=TER0160&SingleRecord=True (accessed May 13, 2010). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Emerson, Steven. American Jihad: the Terrorists Living among Us. New York: Free, 2002. Print. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia UP, 2006. Print. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Johnson, David. "Wealthy Saudi Exile Is a Terrorist Mastermind." Osama Bin Laden. Pearson Education, Inc., 2000. Web. 2007. <http://www.infoplease.com/spot/osamabinladen.html>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Mishra, Patit Paban. "World Trade Center attacks, 2001." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters, eds. Encyclopedia of World History: The Contemporary World, 1950 to the Present, vol. 6. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI348&SingleRecord=True (accessed May 11, 2010). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? ItemID=WE53&iPin=TER0130&SingleRecord=True (accessed May 13, 2010). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Modern World History Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, Ill.: McDougal Littell, 2009. Print.