D-8+Identify+speciﬁc+ways+in+which+Jews+and+non-Jews+carried+out+resistance+movements++against+the+Nazis.

=8. Identify speciﬁc ways in which Jews and non-Jews carried out resistance movements against the Nazis.=

=1933 Boycott on Jewish Businesses-=

The boycott of Jewish business was Hitlers first step towards his goal illustrated in his book Mein Kampf, the extermination of all Jews in Germany and Poland. The boycott was a reprisal for supposed false rumors started by Jews and spread to other countries to make Nazi Germany look bad. It was also meant to hurt Jewish business and initiate legislation descriminating against Jews.
 * __What were two main goals of the boycott?__**

For the three days the boycott was in affect Jews were harassed by anti-semitics and Nazi police with interference from law enforcement. Many Jews were afraid of escalation of the hate crimes and many fled the country for neighboring countries such as Poland or went further to Palestine. The increased Jewish immigration to Palestine led some to desire the establishment of a homeland there.
 * __How did the boycott affect the Jewish community?__**

During the 1933 boycott of Jewish businesses, many non-Jews simply ignored the boycott and shopped at Jewish stores and used Jewish services in spite of it. Jews had the yellow and black Star of David painted on their doors and windows. Some Jews were terrified and fled the country seeking safety in other countries.
 * __Describe the different ways in which Jews and non-Jews in Germany responded to the boycott.__**

Overall the boycott was unsuccessful, it lasted a total of three days and was ignored by most German citizens, who continued to shop at Jewish stores and use Jewish services. Although it failed in its intended purpose, it succeeded in the fact that it was an event that targeted and specifically discriminated against Jews that was accomplished by Germans and paved the way for urther discrimination and retaliation against the Jews. Soon affter Hitler established racial laws called the Nuremberg Laws targeting those who were not of "Aryan" descent.
 * __How successful was the boycott?__**

=Nuremberg Laws-=

Nazis and Nazi supporters in the years between 1933 and 1935 harassed and assaulted Jews frequently. One of the first sanctioned activities was the boycott on Jewish businesses that took place in 1933. Jews were targeted on the streets, their windows were broken, their buildings were firebombed, and many refused to sell to or buy from Jews. The first group of racial laws were in March--April 1933. The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service allowed the firing of "non-Aryan" government employees. It also acted as a precedent for excluding Jews from specific jobs or categories of jobs. Also at this time most "non-Aryan" students were barred from attending German schools and "non-Aryans" were forbidden to take final state exams for many occupations; this policy was even adopted by private firms, societies, and clubs. Another set of laws discriminated against the Jewish religion. By 1935, Jewish life had been severely restricted in Germany. The second wave of anti-Jewish legislation began in September 1935, with the passage of two laws by the German parliament, termed the Nuremberg Laws. According to the first law, Jews were no longer citizens and were denied the right to vote. Within a few months 13 additional decrees were attached to this law. The second law, the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibited marriage and sexual contact between Germans and Jews. This legislation led the Germans to clearly define who was an "Aryan," Jew, or part-Jew.
 * __Between 1933 and 1935, what were some of the anti-Jewish actions Nazis and their supporters took?[[image:250px-Nuremberg_laws.jpg align="right"]]__**

The Nuremberg Laws were racial laws that seperated what Hitler percieved as pure Germans from Jews, gypsies, and other minorities. They were established legally through German law and made a distinction between German "subjects" and German "citizens". A German "subject" was everyone that was not of Aryan descent. The rights of these individuals were extremely limited because they were not considered true citizens, just people living under the protection of the German government. They had very few rights and liberties. German "citizens" were full citizens with all of their rights intact and were only of Aryan descent.
 * __A__****__ccording to the Nuremberg Laws, how were German "subjects" and German "citizens" different?__**


 * __How did the Jewish press contribute to resistance to the Nuremberg Laws?__**

Surprisingly, many German Jews reacted to the Nuremberg Laws with a sense of relief, thinking the worst was now over - at least they finally knew where they stood and could get on with their lives even if they had diminished rights. And to some degree they were correct. Over the next few years, the Nazis moved slowly in regard to the Jews. This was the quiet time for Jews in the Third Reich, as Hitler began to focus his attention entirely on diplomatic affairs and military re-armament. Underground newspapers and bulletins were established to keep people informed and keep up morale. These papers allowed the Jewish people to know what was truly going on since the Nazis had control of the public media and published lies or propaganda..

=Kristallnacht-=

On November 1938 Storms troopers, acting on orders, smashed up Jewish shops, homes and every synagogue the length and breadth of Germany and Austria. In some places the Storm troopers wore civilian clothes in order to make it look as it enraged members of the public were spontaneously committing the violence. About 30,000 Jews were seized and sent to concentration camps and were only released if they obtained visas to enter foreign countries. The Nazi regime ordered the Jewish community to pay for the damage done to its own property and also imposed a collective fine on it.
 * __What was Kristallnacht?(Why it happened, when it happened, and what happened)[[image:225px-Kristallnacht_example_of_physical_damage.jpg align="right"]]__**

26,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps, Jews were physically attacked and beaten and 91 jews where killed during the Kristallnacht.
 * __What happened to Jews who resisted?__**

78,000 Jews left Germany after Kristallnacht until the beginning of World War II; 55,000 emigrated from Austria. Many countries feared a massive immigration wave and closed their borders.
 * __What did 78,000 Jews do in response to Kristallnacht?__**

For the jews it was hard to leave Germany because 32 countries closed there border because they did not want that many people to come into there country. Then Germany annexed Austria in March which then the made an increase in personal assaults on Jews.
 * __By 1939, why was it difficult for jews to leave Germany?__**

Many German and Austrian Jews now attempted to flee Hitler's Reich. However, most Western countries maintained strict immigration quotas and showed little interest in receiving large numbers of Jewish refugees. This was exemplified by the plight of the St. Louis, a ship crowded with 930 Jews that was turned away by Cuba, the United States and other countries and returned back to Europe, soon to be under Hitler's control.
 * __Discuss the sailing of the St. Louis in May 1939. How many were on board? Where did they go? What happened to them in the end?__**

=Ghettos-=
 * __Why did the Nazis put Jews into ghettos?__** The Nazis put the Jews into the ghettos so they wo

uld feel segregated and Hitler blamed his misfortunes on the jews and wanted them to die in these camps from diseases.

Jews were isolated, with little arms or training, often disoriented by the progressive stages of the Final Solution and physically beaten down and systematically starved. Furthermore, most were primarily burdened by communal or familial responsibility and feared to act in the face of brutal Nazi reprisals**.**
 * __What were ongoing forms of nonviolent resistance?__**

All Jews were to be confined to special areas in cities and towns. These ghettos were to be surrounded by barbed wire, brick walls and armed guards.The first ghetto was set up in Piotrkow on 28th October 1939. Jews living in rural areas had their property confiscated and they were rounded up and sent to ghettos in towns and cities. The two largest ghettos were established in Warsaw and Lodz. In October 1939, the SS began to deport Jews living in Austira and Czechoslovakia to ghettos in Poland. Transported in locked passenger trains, large numbers died on the journey.
 * __Where did the Nazis establish ghettos?__**

Life in the ghettos was usually unbearable. Overcrowding was common. One apartment might have several families living in it. Plumbing broke down, and human waste was thrown in the streets along with the garbage. Contagious diseases spread rapidly in such cramped, unsanitary housing. People were always hungry. Germans deliberately tried to starve residents by allowing them to purchase only a small amount of bread, potatoes, and fat.
 * __Describe life in the Ghettos.__**

Warsaw, the capital of Poland, all 22 entrances to the ghetto were sealed. The German authorities allowed a Jewish Council of 24 men to form its own police to maintain order in the ghetto. The Judenrat was also responsible for organizing the labour battalions demanded by the German authorities. Conditions in the Warsaw ghetto were so bad that between 1940 and 1942 an estimated 100,000 Jews died of starvation and disease. At the Wannsee Confrence held on 20th January 1942, Reinhard Heydrich chaired a meeting to consider what to do with the large number of Jews under their control. Those at the meeting eventually decided on what became known as the Final Solution. From that date the extermination of the Jews became a systematically organized operation. It was decided to establish extermination camps in the east that had the capacity to kill large numbers of Jews a day.
 * __Describe what happened during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. What was the result of this uprising?__**

=Camps-= Nazis established many types of camps during the Holocaust, forced labor camps, transit camps that were used as way stations and extermination camps used to mass murder Jews.
 * __What different types of camps did the Nazis establish?__**

Jews were not the only ones killed many others like German Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, Gypsies, Jehovah witnesses, And homosexuals.
 * __In addition to Jews, what other “criminals” did the Nazis put in camps?__**

Prisoners were subjected to many different things such as grueling labor, scientific tests and death.
 * __To what terrors were prisoners subjected?__**

The prisoners were under fed and weak. Even the resistance fighters who were taken prisoner before could not fight. It was basically suicide for trying. Although in camps like Treblinka and Sobibor prisoners revolted and roughly 300 escaped but most were hunted down and killed.
 * __What made resistance in camps difficult?__**

The Jews formed resistance organizations and kept their traditions and teachers taught kids in secret schools.
 * __What were some passive forms of resistance?__**

Mala Zimetbaum was a Polish Jew who escaped from Auschwitz with her love Edward Galinski. This was considered an act that took a lot of courage and saved many lives.
 * __How did Mala Zimetbaum became a symbol of courage and resistance?__**

=Deportation=

**__By 1942, why had many Jews who had left Germany earlier found themselves facing the fate as those who had stayed behind?__** Many Jews who left faced the same fate because later, Germany took control of countries that the Jews fled to.

Germany took control of Holland and required all jews to invest in Business enterprises.
 * __What happened to Dutch Jews in Netherlands?__**

**__From what other European Countries did Nazis try to take Jews?__** The Nazi’s had control of and took jews from Denmark, Holland, Austria, Poland and Germany and sent to concenration camps.

Some idivduals went to secret school and learned against the will of the Nazis. Also some attempted to escape from camps like Auswhitz. **
 * __What did some indivduals do to resist the holocaust?__

The Danish jews evacuated to Sweden to avoid persecution. Some 8,000 jews were evacuated. **
 * __What did governments of Sweden and Denmark do to help Jews?__

Italy allowed Jews into their country to live as they did before. Spainards went on the allied and axis sides and fought in the war. But the country remaind neutral. **
 * __How did Italy resist Nazi plans for the Jews? What did neutral Spain do?__

Riots threw the Nazis off and they could not capture all the Jews of Germany
 * __How did a riot in Berlin successfully resist Nazi plans to deport Jews?__**

=The Final Solution-= Einsatzgruppen were squads that were made up of German SS and police personnel. They were used to kill racial and political enemies found behind the German combat lines in the occupied soviet union.
 * __What were the Einsatzgruppen? What did they do?__**

The plan to find and kill all of the Jewish community.
 * __What was the “final solution” to the “Jewish problem”?__**

By working for the Germans you where staying alive and possibly resisting from the inside. Sometimes just to stay alive is to resist. Also if you worked on the inside it could be easier to plan out assasinations. One example of this is Operation Valkyrie.
 * __How could working "for" the Germans be a form of resistance?__**

The Jews that fled the Ghettos went and hid from the Germans. One famous story is the story of a Jewish group that went out to the woods and lived until the Holocaust was over. The Jews that lived in the village had either escaped from the Ghettos or ran away before they could be taken there. Some difficulties that where faced was starvation, cold, and sickness. Also constantly hiding from the Nazis. German-occupied Denmark was the site of the most famous and complete rescue operation in Axis-controlled Europe. In late summer 1943, German occupation authorities imposed martial law on Denmark in response to increasing acts of resistance and sabotage. German Security Police officials planned to deport the Danish Jews while martial law was in place. On September 28, 1943, a German businessman warned Danish authorities of the impending operation, scheduled for the night of October 1-2, 1943. With the help of their non-Jewish neighbors and friends, virtually all the Danish Jews went into hiding. During the following days, the Danish resistance organized a rescue operation, in which Danish fishermen clandestinely ferried some 7,200 Jews (of the country's total Jewish population of 7,800) in small fishing boats, to safety in neutral Sweden.
 * __What did the Jews do who fled ghettos do to survive? What difficultes did they face?__**
 * __How did some non-Jewish Germans help Jews?__**

The White Rose was a group of students at the University of Munich that where anti-Nazi. The members of the White rose included Hans Scholl, Sophie Scholl, Inge Scholl, Cristoph Probst, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf, and Jugen Wittenstein. And there was one professor by the name of Kurt Huber. Huber, Graff, Schmoell, Probst, Hans Scholl and Sophie Scholl were all exicuted because of what they spoke out against Hitler.
 * __What was the White Rose in Munich? What happened to them?__**

=Liberation-= Towards the end of the war when Hitlers army was being defeated Hitler started to exicute all of the Jews in an attempt to kill them all. What evidence of the Holocaust did the Allies find when they liberated concentration camps? The Americans found war prisoners that were left behind when the SS evacuated. Americans also collected evidence of what happned for war crime trials.
 * __What did Hitler do with the Jews as his armies were defeated?__**

Surviving the Holocaust was an act of resistance because they resisted Hitlers wish for them to die. They resisted in the only way possible. They lived.
 * __How is surviving the Holocaust an act of resistance?__**

Many Jews were initially put into DP camps or displaced persons camps until they could be imegrated into countries such as Palestien, Israel, the United States, South America and other countries. The Jews could also not return home because of the memories and because of anti-semitic neighbors.
 * __How were manny Jews received when they returned to their homes?__**

DP camps where places that Jewish people went after the Holocaust before they could emigrate into another country. Their function was to provide a place for the Jewish to live in before they where allowed to immigrate into another country. Many Jews could not return home because of there anti-semitic neighbors.
 * __What were Displaced Persons camps? What was their function?__**

They traveld to DP camps and brought the Jewish people their culture and the Zionist culture. They also helped bring many of the Jewish survivors to Palestine through illegal immigration.
 * __How did the Jewish Brigade help survivors?__**

They where a group of none Jewish students that saw the evil that was going on in their country and tried to get other people to see the evil and revolt against Hitler. They where significant because they where the most well known group of none Jewish resistance fighters.
 * __What was significant about the White Rose?__**

=Our Questions-=

The Red Army/Soviets and America.
 * __What countries liberated the Jews?__**

Other countries did nothing to help the Jews.
 * __What did other countries do to help the Jews?__**

They where liberated from 1944-1945
 * __When where the Jews liberated?__**

Operation Valkyrie was an assasination attempt on Adolf Hitlers life planed by German officers. The leader of the plot was Colonel Count Klaus Schenck von Stauffenberg.
 * __What was Operation Valkyrie and who planed it?__**

This occured because a Jew named Herschel Grynszpan Livins shot and killed a mermber of the German Embasey staff in Paris. This was considered an outbreak so on November 9th Germans destroyed Jewish shops and brutally murdered Jews.
 * __Why did the Germans burn Jewish shops?__

__Why did the Nazis do this to the Jews?__ Because of Adolf Hitler and his use of propoganda against the Jews. Also The shooting in Paris Provided an oppertunity to incite Germans to rise bloody murder against the Jews.

__In the Ghettos why didn't all the Jews revolt?__ Because they where weak and had nothing to fight for. **

To make the Jews suffer in the Ghettos.
 * __Why didn't Germans give food or other necisary supplies to the Jews in the Ghettos?__**

**Black, Linda, and Roger Beck. Modern World History Patterns of Interaction. New York, NY: McDougal Littell, 2005. Print.**  "Denmark - Living With the Enemy." A Force More Powerful. N.p., 11, May, 2010. Web. 13 May 2010.
 * __Citations-__**

Lawton, Clive. Auschwitz The Story of a Nazi Death Camp. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Candlewick Press, 2002. Print.

O'Brien, Joseph. "World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937 - 45)." Information for students. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2010.

"World War Two - Causes." History on the net.com. The History on the Net Group, 2/05/2010. Web. 13 May 2010.

O'Brien, Joseph. "World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937 - 45)." Information for students. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2010.  Shermer, Michael. "Proving the Holocaust: The Refutation of Revisionism & the Restoration of History," Skeptic, Vol. 2, No. 4, Altadena, California,June, 1994. Published by the Skeptics Society, 2761 N. Marengo A "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ." CONCENTRATION CAMPS, 1933-1939. N.p., April 1, 2010. Web. 13 May 2010.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Children During the Holocaust.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/? ModuleId=10005143. 5/13/09.

 

   